Canada

12 plates of official data, 2006-2026

Every number here comes from the source that publishes it — the Department of Finance, the Bank of Canada, IRCC and the Public Health Agency of Canada — and every plate is regenerated from committed CSVs, so the charts and the numbers on this page cannot drift apart. Statistics Canada’s data platform was down when this edition was built: where it publishes the national series, the World Bank, IMF, OECD, UN, WHO and BIS versions are drawn in its place, and the plates say so.

Where things stand

The plates

  1. The Economy. Real growth broke only twice in twenty years — 2009 and 2020 — while the US-dollar readings bent with the oil price and the Canadian dollar. GDP per person, US$ 55,698 in 2025; Real growth +1.7% in 2025; CPI inflation 2.1% in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 01

    The Economy

    Real growth broke only twice in twenty years — 2009 and 2020 — while the US-dollar readings bent with the oil price and the Canadian dollar.

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    20052025
    55,698 GDP per person, US$ 2025
    +1.7% Real growth 2025
    2.1% CPI inflation 2025
  2. The Federal Books. Revenue, deficits and the debt stock, on Ottawa's own fiscal-year accounts — the 2020-21 deficit was the largest in Canadian peacetime. Balance -1.2% GDP in 2024; Revenues 16.6% GDP in 2024; Total expenses 17.8% GDP in 2024. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 02

    The Federal Books

    Revenue, deficits and the debt stock, on Ottawa's own fiscal-year accounts — the 2020-21 deficit was the largest in Canadian peacetime.

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    19662024
    -1.2% GDP Balance 2024
    16.6% GDP Revenues 2024
    17.8% GDP Total expenses 2024
  3. Where the Money Goes. Federal expenses by category against revenues by source — and the one tax that carries about half of the take. Program expenses 16.1% GDP in 2024; Transfers to persons 4.3% GDP in 2024; Personal income tax 7.6% GDP in 2024. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 03

    Where the Money Goes

    Federal expenses by category against revenues by source — and the one tax that carries about half of the take.

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    • fiscal/cofog.csvIMF — Government Finance Statistics, expenditure by function (COFOG), flow GFS_COFOG, series CAN.S13....A · 2008-2024
    • fiscal/expenses_pct_gdp.csvDepartment of Finance Canada — Fiscal Reference Tables, November 2025, table 8 · —
    • fiscal/public_investment.csvOECD — National Accounts at a Glance, chapter 6, measure P51GS13 · 2005-2025
    • macro/economy.csvWorld Bank — World Development Indicators (NE.GDI.FTOT.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS) · 2005-2025
    19662024
    16.1% GDP Program expenses 2024
    4.3% GDP Transfers to persons 2024
    7.6% GDP Personal income tax 2024
  4. Foreign Trade. About a third of GDP crosses the border each way, and three quarters of the goods go south: the surplus with one customer pays for the deficit with everyone else. Exports 31.3% GDP in 2025; Imports 32.2% GDP in 2025; US share, goods exports 72.5% in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 04

    Foreign Trade

    About a third of GDP crosses the border each way, and three quarters of the goods go south: the surplus with one customer pays for the deficit with everyone else.

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    • international/gdp_usd.csvWorld Bank — World Development Indicators, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD · 2005-2025
    • trade/partners.csvIMF — International Trade in Goods (IMTS), flow IMTS, series CAN.XG_FOB_USD+TBG_USD · 2005-2025
    • trade/trade.csvWorld Bank — World Development Indicators (NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS) · 2005-2025
    20052025
    31.3% GDP Exports 2025
    32.2% GDP Imports 2025
    72.5% US share, goods exports latest
  5. Money & Markets. The policy rate's fall and return, Government of Canada yields, and a dollar quoted on two series that are never spliced. Policy rate, year-end 2.25% in 2026; 10-year yield 3.24% in 2025; CAD per USD 1.39 in 2026. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 05

    Money & Markets

    The policy rate's fall and return, Government of Canada yields, and a dollar quoted on two series that are never spliced.

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    • macro/growth_prices.csvWorld Bank — World Development Indicators (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG) · 2005-2025
    • markets/equities.csvYahoo Finance — S&P/TSX composite (^GSPTSE) and S&P 500 (^GSPC), monthly closes · 2005-2026
    • markets/rates.csvBank of Canada — Valet (STATIC_ATABLE_V39079, V122514, BD.CDN.*.DQ.YLD) · 2006-2026
    • markets/usdcad.csvBank of Canada — USD noon rate (IEXE0101) and USD daily rate (FXUSDCAD) · 2006-2026
    • markets/usdcad_h10.csvFederal Reserve — H.10 daily foreign exchange rates, Canada (noon buying rate in New York) · 2005-2026
    20062026
    2.25% Policy rate, year-end latest
    3.24% 10-year yield 2025
    1.39 CAD per USD latest
  6. People. The pandemic benefits cut inequality in 2020, and the child benefit took child poverty from 17% to 7% — before both crept back. Gini, disposable income 30.60 in 2023; Poverty, below half the median 12.2% in 2023; Child poverty 14.0% in 2023. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 06

    People

    The pandemic benefits cut inequality in 2020, and the child benefit took child poverty from 17% to 7% — before both crept back.

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    • markets/usdcad_h10.csvFederal Reserve — H.10 daily foreign exchange rates, Canada (noon buying rate in New York) · 2005-2026
    • social/gini.csvWorld Bank — SI.POV.GINI · 2005-2022
    • social/income.csvOECD — Income Distribution Database (DSD_WISE_IDD@DF_IDD), measure INC_DISP_GINI and PR_INC_DISP · 2005-2023
    • social/minimum_wage.csvOECD — minimum wages at current prices (DSD_EARNINGS@MW_CURP), employment-weighted across provinces and territories · 2005-2025
    • social/poverty.csvWorld Bank — Poverty and Inequality Platform, SI.POV.UMIC · 2005-2022
    20052023
    30.60 Gini, disposable income latest
    12.2% Poverty, below half the median 2023
    14.0% Child poverty 2023
  7. Canada in the World. Gross debt near the G7 average and a net figure a tenth of it — the gap is the pension plans, and the pair is the story. Gross debt (general govt) 111.3% GDP in 2024; Net debt (general govt) 12.5% GDP in 2024; HDI 0.939 in 2023; Reserves US$ 126bn in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 07

    Canada in the World

    Gross debt near the G7 average and a net figure a tenth of it — the gap is the pension plans, and the pair is the story.

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    19802024
    111.3% GDP Gross debt (general govt) latest
    12.5% GDP Net debt (general govt) latest
    0.939 HDI 2023
    US$ 126bn Reserves latest
  8. Demography. The fastest-growing population in the G7 — +2.8% in 2023 alone, mostly non-permanent residents — while fertility fell to 1.25. Population 41.7M in 2025; Fertility rate 1.25 in 2024; Net migration 326,204 in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 08

    Demography

    The fastest-growing population in the G7 — +2.8% in 2023 alone, mostly non-permanent residents — while fertility fell to 1.25.

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    • international/population.csvWorld Bank — SP.POP.TOTL · 2005-2025
    • social/demography.csvWorld Bank — World Development Indicators (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.DYN.CBRT.IN, SP.DYN.CDRT.IN, SM.POP.NETM), from the UN World Population Prospects and national vital statistics · 2005-2025
    20052025
    41.7M Population latest
    1.25 Fertility rate latest
    326,204 Net migration 2025
  9. Security. The homicide rate never left 1.4–2.3 per 100,000; the opioid crisis is the exception on the page — 20 deaths per 100,000 in 2023. Homicide rate 1.98/100k in 2023; Road deaths 5.3/100k in 2019; Opioid deaths 5,704 in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 09

    Security

    The homicide rate never left 1.4–2.3 per 100,000; the opioid crisis is the exception on the page — 20 deaths per 100,000 in 2023.

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    • social/causes_of_death.csvOECD — Health Statistics, causes of mortality (DSD_HEALTH_STAT@DF_COM): Statistics Canada's death registrations by underlying cause · 2005-2024
    • social/opioids.csvPublic Health Agency of Canada — Health Infobase, apparent opioid toxicity deaths · 2016-2025
    • social/security.csvWorld Bank — World Development Indicators: VC.IHR.PSRC.P5 (UNODC), SH.STA.SUIC.P5 and SH.STA.TRAF.P5 (WHO Global Health Estimates) · 2005-2023
    20052023
    1.98/100k Homicide rate latest
    5.3/100k Road deaths latest
    5,704 Opioid deaths 2025
  10. Mortality. Deaths ran 22% above the 2015–19 average in 2022, and COVID's worst year was the Omicron year, not the first one. Deaths 326,779 in 2024; Crude death rate 7.92 in 2024; Excess deaths vs 2015–19 +18.2% in 2024. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 10

    Mortality

    Deaths ran 22% above the 2015–19 average in 2022, and COVID's worst year was the Omicron year, not the first one.

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    • social/causes_of_death.csvOECD — Health Statistics, causes of mortality (DSD_HEALTH_STAT@DF_COM): Statistics Canada's death registrations by underlying cause · 2005-2024
    20052024
    326,779 Deaths 2024
    7.92 Crude death rate latest
    +18.2% Excess deaths vs 2015–19 2024
  11. Credit. A fixed-rate country, so the 2022 hikes reached the payments only as mortgages renewed: the debt-service ratio peaked at 14.6% in 2023. Household debt 100.4% GDP in 2025; Debt service 14.0% in 2025; New mortgage rate 4.53% in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 11

    Credit

    A fixed-rate country, so the 2022 hikes reached the payments only as mortgages renewed: the debt-service ratio peaked at 14.6% in 2023.

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    20052025
    100.4% GDP Household debt latest
    14.0% Debt service 2025
    4.53% New mortgage rate 2025
  12. Migration. Admissions climbed to a record, then the policy reversed — and the population grew about 3% a year in 2023-24, unmatched in the G7. PR admissions 390,625 in 2025; Study permits signed 400,295 in 2025; Population 41.7M in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 12

    Migration

    Admissions climbed to a record, then the policy reversed — and the population grew about 3% a year in 2023-24, unmatched in the G7.

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    20152025
    390,625 PR admissions 2025
    400,295 Study permits signed 2025
    41.7M Population latest