United Kingdom

United Kingdom

12 plates of official data, 2006-2026

Every number here comes from the source that publishes it — the Office for National Statistics, the Bank of England, HM Treasury, the Home Office, HMRC and DWP — and every plate is regenerated from committed CSVs, so the charts and the numbers on this page cannot drift apart. Brexit closed most of Eurostat's UK slices: the fiscal, labour-market and inequality cubes now answer empty, the migration suite is frozen at 2019, and only demography and one bond yield still run. The harmonised comparisons on these plates therefore come from the IMF, the World Bank and the UNDP, and each plate says which of the two readings it is drawing.

Where things stand

The plates

  1. The Economy. Real GDP broke only twice in twenty years — 2009 and 2020 — while the US-dollar readings bent with sterling: the 2016 and 2022 falls in GDP per person are exchange rates, not output. GDP per person, US$ 57,602 in 2025; Real growth +1.2% in 2025; Unemployment 4.9% in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 01

    The Economy

    Real GDP broke only twice in twenty years — 2009 and 2020 — while the US-dollar readings bent with sterling: the 2016 and 2022 falls in GDP per person are exchange rates, not output.

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    20072025
    57,602 GDP per person, US$ 2025
    +1.2% Real growth 2025
    4.9% Unemployment latest
  2. Public Finances. Borrowing ex banks reached −£311bn on the financial year of the pandemic; the debt the UK argues about, PSND, ran past 90% of GDP from 2021 and the IMF's gross reading runs higher again. Borrowing, calendar year £-151bn in 2025; Net debt (ONS, ex banks) 94.2% GDP in 2025; Gross debt (IMF) 102.1% GDP in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 02

    Public Finances

    Borrowing ex banks reached −£311bn on the financial year of the pandemic; the debt the UK argues about, PSND, ran past 90% of GDP from 2021 and the IMF's gross reading runs higher again.

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    19902025
    £-151bn Borrowing, calendar year 2025
    94.2% GDP Net debt (ONS, ex banks) latest
    102.1% GDP Gross debt (IMF) latest
  3. Where the Money Goes. Social protection is the biggest single function and still growing; the whole economy's investment rate near 19% of GDP is low by G7 standards, and no British series publishes public investment. Social protection £407bn in 2025; Health £258bn in 2025; Investment rate (GFCF) 18.9% GDP in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 03

    Where the Money Goes

    Social protection is the biggest single function and still growing; the whole economy's investment rate near 19% of GDP is low by G7 standards, and no British series publishes public investment.

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    20032025
    £407bn Social protection 2025
    £258bn Health 2025
    18.9% GDP Investment rate (GFCF) latest
  4. Trade. A deficit in goods and services in every year on this page; the United States is the largest goods customer, and 2021 changes how goods are counted — Intrastat ends, customs declarations begin. Exports, goods & services £913bn in 2025; United States, goods exports 15.8% in 2025; Current account £-92bn in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 04

    Trade

    A deficit in goods and services in every year on this page; the United States is the largest goods customer, and 2021 changes how goods are counted — Intrastat ends, customs declarations begin.

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    • macro/gdp.csvONS — curated publication copy of gdp_from_ons.csv · 2006-2025
    • trade/goods_by_partner.csvHMRC — curated publication copy of goods_by_partner_from_uktradeinfo.csv · 2006-2026
    • trade/totals.csvONS — curated publication copy of trade_totals_from_ons.csv · 2006-2025
    20062025
    £913bn Exports, goods & services 2025
    15.8% United States, goods exports latest
    £-92bn Current account 2025
  5. Money & Markets. Bank Rate went from 0.1% to 5.25% and back to 3.75% in five years; sterling fell on the referendum vote and never went back, and the FTSE 100 in dollars shows what a weak pound did for London's foreign earnings. Bank Rate, year-end 3.75% in 2026; 10-year gilt 5.35% in 2026; US$ per £, year-end 1.338 in 2026. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 05

    Money & Markets

    Bank Rate went from 0.1% to 5.25% and back to 3.75% in five years; sterling fell on the referendum vote and never went back, and the FTSE 100 in dollars shows what a weak pound did for London's foreign earnings.

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    • macro/prices.csvONS — curated publication copy of prices_from_ons.csv · 2006-2025
    • markets/bank_rate.csvBank of England — curated publication copy of bank_rate_from_boe.csv · 2006-2026
    • markets/ftse.csvYahoo Finance — curated publication copy of ftse_from_yahoo.csv · 2005-2026
    • markets/gilt_yield.csvBank of England — curated publication copy of gilt_yield_from_boe.csv · 2006-2026
    • markets/sp500.csvYahoo Finance — curated publication copy of sp500_from_yahoo.csv · 2005-2026
    • markets/sterling.csvBank of England — curated publication copy of sterling_from_boe.csv · 2006-2026
    20062026
    3.75% Bank Rate, year-end latest
    5.35% 10-year gilt latest
    1.338 US$ per £, year-end latest
  6. Household Credit. Household credit peaked near 100% of GDP around the financial crisis and now stands at 74%; because British mortgages are mostly fixed, the 2022 hikes reached payments only as contracts renewed. Household credit 73.5% GDP in 2025; Debt to income (ONS) 116.6% GDP in 2025; Two-year mortgage quote 4.12% in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 06

    Household Credit

    Household credit peaked near 100% of GDP around the financial crisis and now stands at 74%; because British mortgages are mostly fixed, the 2022 hikes reached payments only as contracts renewed.

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    20062025
    73.5% GDP Household credit latest
    116.6% GDP Debt to income (ONS) latest
    4.12% Two-year mortgage quote 2025
  7. People. The Gini ran down across the window on the ONS series, from 37 points in 2006-07 to 33 in 2024-25; housing costs move the relative-low-income rate by about four points, and the statutory wage floor has more than doubled in cash terms since 2007. Gini, disposable income 32.7% in 2024; Low income, after housing 19.6% in 2024; Minimum wage, US$/month 2,747 in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 07

    People

    The Gini ran down across the window on the ONS series, from 37 points in 2006-07 to 33 in 2024-25; housing costs move the relative-low-income rate by about four points, and the statutory wage floor has more than doubled in cash terms since 2007.

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    20062024
    32.7% Gini, disposable income latest
    19.6% Low income, after housing latest
    2,747 Minimum wage, US$/month 2025
  8. In the World. A US$4-trn economy in 2025 dollars, among the world's six largest; human development near the top, perception-of-corruption scores drifting down since 2012, and reserves small by design under a floating pound. GDP, US$ US$ 4,003bn in 2025; Human Development Index 0.946 in 2023; Corruption perceptions 70/100 in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 08

    In the World

    A US$4-trn economy in 2025 dollars, among the world's six largest; human development near the top, perception-of-corruption scores drifting down since 2012, and reserves small by design under a floating pound.

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    20062023
    US$ 4,003bn GDP, US$ 2025
    0.946 Human Development Index latest
    70/100 Corruption perceptions latest
  9. Population. 8.7 million more residents than in 2006, almost all of it net migration after 2021; fertility sits below replacement in every year of the window and near 1.5 children per woman by 2024. Population 69.5M in 2025; Fertility rate 1.55 in 2024; Natural increase -944 in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 09

    Population

    8.7 million more residents than in 2006, almost all of it net migration after 2021; fertility sits below replacement in every year of the window and near 1.5 children per woman by 2024.

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    20062025
    69.5M Population latest
    1.55 Fertility rate latest
    -944 Natural increase 2025
  10. Safety. Homicide is rare for England & Wales — around one per 100,000 — and the two official counts, police and death certificate, are separately rated and never joined. No UK-wide crime series exists. Homicides, certificates (E&W) 754 in 2022; Homicide offences, police (E&W) 522 in 2024; Road deaths (UK) 3.2/100k in 2019. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 10

    Safety

    Homicide is rare for England & Wales — around one per 100,000 — and the two official counts, police and death certificate, are separately rated and never joined. No UK-wide crime series exists.

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    20062022
    754 Homicides, certificates (E&W) 2022
    522 Homicide offences, police (E&W) 2024
    3.2/100k Road deaths (UK) latest
  11. Mortality. Registered deaths in England & Wales ran 14% above the 2015–19 mean in 2020 and 8–9% in 2022 and 2023 — and the five software and coding changes in the cause-of-death series are drawn as seams, not smoothed over. Deaths registered (E&W) 570,988 in 2025; Crude death rate 9.20 in 2025; Excess deaths vs 2015–19 +7.3% in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 11

    Mortality

    Registered deaths in England & Wales ran 14% above the 2015–19 mean in 2020 and 8–9% in 2022 and 2023 — and the five software and coding changes in the cause-of-death series are drawn as seams, not smoothed over.

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    20062025
    570,988 Deaths registered (E&W) 2025
    9.20 Crude death rate latest
    +7.3% Excess deaths vs 2015–19 2025
  12. Migration. The chapter this country queued for: net migration ran near 900,000 a year in 2022-23, the rules on dependants and study visas tightened, and the estimate for the year ending December 2025 came down to 171,000. Three systems measured it — Eurostat to 2019, the ONS's administrative approach, and the Home Office's own paperwork — and the plates keep the three apart. Net migration, YE December 171,000 in 2025; Asylum applications 101,911 in 2025; Citizenship grants 236,239 in 2025. Every figure is read from this country's committed CSVs. Plate 12

    Migration

    The chapter this country queued for: net migration ran near 900,000 a year in 2022-23, the rules on dependants and study visas tightened, and the estimate for the year ending December 2025 came down to 171,000. Three systems measured it — Eurostat to 2019, the ONS's administrative approach, and the Home Office's own paperwork — and the plates keep the three apart.

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    20122025
    171,000 Net migration, YE December 2025
    101,911 Asylum applications 2025
    236,239 Citizenship grants 2025