Argentina

Argentina

Twenty years of official statistics, 2006-2026, in thirteen plates — and an honest account of where each number came from.

Argentina publishes more open data, through better machinery, than most countries in the region — and a decade of it cannot be used. Both of those are true at once, and nearly every editorial decision here follows from the second. Where a source is broken or was withdrawn by the state that produced it, the plate says so on the panel instead of drawing through it.

Where things stand

The plates

  1. Four panels on the Argentine economy, 2006 to 2026. Real GDP growth swings between -9.9% in 2020 and +10.4% in 2021, and output fell in nine of the twenty years. GDP per person in current dollars, on a log scale, reaches US$14,898 in 2025 after a trough of US$8,536 in 2020. Inflation runs at 18% to 39% a year on the San Luis provincial index while the national index was intervened, then 25% to 211% on INDEC's restored index, peaking in 2023, and 31.5% in 2025. Urban unemployment falls from 10.1% to 6.1% in 2023, after peaking at 11.5% in 2020. Plate 01

    Twenty years of Argentine output

    Growth, income per head, inflation and unemployment: an economy that shrank in nine years of twenty.

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    20062025
    +4.5% Real growth 2025
    31.5% Inflation 2025
    7.4% Unemployment 2025
  2. Four panels on Argentine prices. Annual inflation is drawn in two colours because no usable national index exists for 2007 to 2016: the provincial San Luis index stands in at 18% to 39% a year. The national index peaks at 211% in 2023 and falls to 31.5% in 2025. The peso goes from 3.06 to the dollar at the end of 2006 to 1,447 at the end of 2025, drawn against the parallel blue rate. The gap between the two reaches 104% in 2021, under the second cepo. Gross reserves fall to US$21.9 billion in 2023 from US$57 billion in 2018. Plate 02

    Prices, the peso and the two dollars

    Inflation, the official and parallel dollar, the gap and reserves: Argentina's own lens.

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    20172025
    1,499 Official dollar, year end latest
    US$ 49.7bn Gross reserves latest
  3. Four panels on Argentine living standards, all from the urban household survey. The Gini coefficient, times 100, falls from 48.1 in 2006 to 41.5 in 2015 and is 42.9 in 2025. Poverty on the national basket averages 45.5% in 2024 against 15.2% below the World Bank's US$8.30 a day line; the official series was withdrawn for 2007 to 2015. The minimum wage at the official rate peaks at US$603 in 2015 and is US$269 in 2025. Half by half, poverty reaches 52.9% in the first half of 2024, after the December 2023 devaluation, and 38.1% in the second. Plate 03

    Work, wages and who is poor

    Inequality, poverty and the minimum wage, measured in the cities: the EPH surveys 31 urban areas.

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    20062026
    0.429 Gini (0–1) 2025
    32.3% Poverty, first half latest
  4. Four panels on Argentine public finances. General government revenue rises from 28% to 35% of GDP by 2015 while spending rises from 27% to 41.5% in 2016 and 42.5% in 2020, and both fall to about 31% in 2024-25. The overall balance is in deficit every year from 2009 to 2023, reaching -8.7% of GDP in 2020, and the primary balance turns to a surplus of 2.2% in 2024; the national public sector's own primary result is drawn beside it in three unjoined methodologies. Gross debt runs from 39% of GDP in 2011 to 153% in 2023, then 80% in 2025. Net interest peaks at 4.0% of GDP in 2019. Plate 04

    What the state takes and what it spends

    General government revenue, balance, debt and interest, with the national primary result beside them.

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    20062025
    +1.3% GDP Primary balance 2025
    80.1% GDP Gross debt latest
  5. Four panels on Argentine trade. Exports of goods and services fall from 23% of GDP in 2006 to 10.7% in 2015 and are 15.6% in 2025; imports move from 17% to 15%. The balance is negative in 2013, 2015 to 2018 and 2023. Brazil takes 14.3% to 21.2% of goods exports, China, the United States and Chile 4% to 11% each. Exports by category are stacked in dollars: primary products, agricultural and industrial manufactures, and fuel, whose share falls to 3.5% in 2016 and rises to 12.7% in 2025. Plate 05

    What Argentina sells to the world

    Exports and imports as a share of GDP, the balance, the destinations and what is sold.

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    20062025
    15.6% GDP Exports, goods and services 2025
    US$ 87.1bn Goods exports 2025
  6. Four panels on Argentine credit. Household debt, all lenders, never exceeds 6.9% of GDP; mortgage lending falls from 1.56% of GDP in 2007 to 0.28% in 2024. The nominal personal-loan rate runs between 29% and 102% a year against a policy rate that exists only from 2016 to mid-2025. Non-performing private loans jump from 1.54% in 2024 to 5.54% in 2025. Real deposit rates are negative every year from 2017 to 2024, reaching -37.1% in 2023, and real borrowing costs pass 30% in 2025. Plate 06

    A banking system that barely lends

    Household debt, what money costs and the loans that go bad.

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    20062025
    5.7% GDP Household debt (BIS) latest
    5.54% Non-performing loans latest
  7. Four panels on Argentine markets. The BCRA's policy rate, which exists only from December 2015 to July 2025, averages 26% to 100% a year against inflation of 25% to 211%, with the BADLAR deposit rate drawn across the whole window as a proxy. The yield on Argentine dollar debt, the US 10-year Treasury plus the EMBI+ spread, reaches 26% on average in 2023. The official peso, as an index of 2006 = 100, falls to 0.25 in 2025, a currency that buys a four-hundredth of the dollars it did. The Merval in dollars ends 2025 about three times its 2006 level, the S&P 500 nearly five times. Plate 07

    What the market charged Argentina

    The policy rate, the price of dollar debt, the peso and the Merval in dollars.

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    20052025
    672 Country risk, EMBI+ (bp) latest
  8. Four panels on Argentine demography. The population grows from 39.1 million in 2006 to 46.4 million in 2025, 18.6% more. Fertility falls from 2.40 children per woman to 1.50 in 2024, well under the 2.1 replacement line. The crude birth rate falls from 18 per 1,000 to 8.9 in 2024 while the death rate rises from 7.5 to 8.1, with a COVID-19 peak of 9.5 in 2021. Natural increase falls from 451,473 more births than deaths in 2014 to 36,730 in 2024; net migration is close to zero. Plate 08

    Fewer births, a population still growing

    Population, fertility, and birth and death rates per 1,000 people.

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    20062024
    46.4M Population latest
    1.50 Fertility latest
  9. Four panels on lethal violence in Argentina, per 100,000 people. The homicide rate peaks at 7.62 in 2014 and falls to 3.61 in 2025, on a log scale beside UNODC's series. Registered suicides run at 6.3 to 8.0 per 100,000, below WHO's age-standardised estimate. Registered land-transport deaths fall from 13.1 in 2013 to 5.2 in 2020, well under WHO's road estimate of 13 to 15. The direct femicide rate per 100,000 women is near 1.0 to 1.14 until 2023 and falls to 0.85 in 2025, with a method change marked at 2017. Plate 09

    Homicide, suicide, the roads and femicide

    Violent and accidental deaths per 100,000 people; femicide per 100,000 women.

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    20062025
    3.61/100k Homicide rate 2025
    0.85 Femicide, per 100k women 2025
  10. Four panels on Argentine spending. National government spending by function, grouped like COFOG, rises from 14.5% of GDP in 2006 to 27.5% in 2020 and is 22.3% in 2023, when the series ends. Social protection, pensions and transfers, goes from 5.2% to 12.8% of GDP in 2020. Whole-economy investment runs between 14.2% and 19.5% of GDP. Direct investment by the national public sector peaks at 1.24% of GDP in 2009 and falls to 0.27% in 2025, in three methodologies drawn apart. Plate 10

    Where the national budget goes

    National spending by function, social protection, and investment, public and whole-economy.

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    20062023
    22.3% GDP National spending 2023
    16.0% GDP Investment rate 2025
  12. Four panels on Argentine mortality. The crude death rate runs near 7.5 per 1,000 people and peaks at 9.5 in 2021, 436,799 deaths. Against the 2015-2019 average of 341,328, deaths were 10.2% higher in 2020 and 28.0% higher in 2021. COVID-19 deaths are 117 per 100,000 in 2020 and 185 in 2021, 164,785 in all, confirmed and probable together. Pneumonia kills 40 to 87 per 100,000 a year; influenza barely appears, because a fatal flu is certified as pneumonia. Plate 12

    One bad year of deaths

    The death rate, excess deaths, COVID-19 and pneumonia, per 1,000 and per 100,000 people.

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    • macro/gdp.csvINDEC — Cuentas Nacionales, base 2004 · 2006-2026
    • social/causes.csvMinisterio de Salud — DEIS, defunciones por causa (CIE-10) · 2006-2026
    20062024
    184.9/100k COVID-19, per 100k, peak year 2021
  13. Gross resident flows remain pending because border movements count trips and residence grants count decisions. UN modelled net migration is shown per 1,000. INDEC censuses show 4.5% foreign-born in 2010 and 4.2% in 2022, with Paraguay, Bolivia and Venezuela as the origins shown. Plate 13

    Migration, without confusing trips with people

    Modelled net migration, the foreign-born census stock and leading origins; gross resident flows remain pending.

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    20102022
    4.2% Foreign-born latest